1) a^3 - ab - a^2 b +a^2= a^2( a -b) + a( a-b) = ( a-b) ( a^2+a)= (a-b) a ( a+1)
2) x^2 y - x^2 -xy +x^3= xy( x-1) + x^2( x-1)= (x-1) x ( x+y)
3) a^2 - 9 b^2+ 12 bc -4c^2= a^2 - ( 9b^2 -12bc +4c^2) = a^2 - ( 3b-2c)^2= ( a-(3b-2c)) * (a+(3b-2c))