Question

II. Find English equivalents in the text:
котлован - _________________
копать, рыть - ______________
цоколь, подошва - ___________________
каркас - _________________
воздвигать - _______________
покрывать - _____________
отделочный материал - _______________________
слой краски - __________________
сооружение - _________________
действующая нагрузка - _____________________
балки - ________________
грунт, почва - ____________
затоплять - ________________
оседать - _______________
трещина - _____________________
неровный - ________________
лес, дерево - ________________
бетон - _________________
искусственный материал - ____________________
твердотельный, цельный - _________________
пустотелый - ______________
воздействие - ____________________
прочность - ________________
твердость - ___________________
Parts of a building
Almost everyone has watched building of a house and followed its progress with interest.
First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls bellow ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safely carrying the loadsimposed. The floors, walls, roof and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.
The architect or designer must decide what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework must be, and how they must be placed and arranged. Sometimes it is done by the architect who draws the plans for the house, sometimes by a designer.
Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
Foundations are to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which can cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or of a fire-resisting material.
Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the wall construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials.
Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to weather. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.

Answer 1

котлован - копать, рыть - цоколь, подошва - каркас - воздвигать -
покрывать - отделочный материал - слой краски -  сооружение -
действующая нагрузка -  балки -  грунт, почва - затоплять -
оседать - трещина - неровный - лес, дерево - бетон -  искусственный материал - твердотельный, цельный -  пустотелый - воздействие - прочность - твердость - 
the excavation - to dig - basement - framework - erect - clothe - finishing materials - coat of paint - structure - imposed load - beam - soil - sink - set - crack - uneven - timber - concrete - artificial material - solid - hollow - exposure - strength - firmness.