In Greece and Rome the earliest books were written on tablets of wood or
pieces of bark covered with wax, and writing was possible upon them
with a small stick called “stylus". In Assyria and Babylonia clay
tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of
wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves. They were
long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day.
The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and
skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip,
roiled from one cylinder to another. Though paper has been known in
China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe
much later.
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Books were popular in ancient Rome: there were many booksellers and the
first public library was founded there about 39 B.C.1 Only the rich
could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important
libraries.
By the time, of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten,
beautifully decorated, but they were often chained to the shelves. But
only few people could read them.
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First printing was invented in China and by the end of the 15th
century there were more than 200 presses in Europe . The early printers
were not only craftsmen but also editors, publishers and booksellers.
The first printing, press in England was set up by William Caxton at
Westminster in 1476. and the first printing press in Russia — by Ivan
Fedorov in Moscow in 1564.
<span> Early libraries were used only by scientists but latery
they were used by the public. In the 19th century a proper system of
public libraries appeared. Now most countries have their own national
libraries.
Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford
and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States.
Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British
Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of
Congress in the United States, it’s the world’s largest Library,
Bibliotheque Nationale in France , the Beijing Library in China, the
State Public Library in Moscow.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get
information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic
catalogues.Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to
keep their books, journals and films.</span>
Ласт саммэ вос драй энд хот. Ит вос вом ин зе монинг. Лук! Зе скай из клауди. Итс санни бат винди тудэй. Ай кант (или кэн нот) сии кас ин фронт оф ми. Ит из фрогги ин зе стрит. Винтерс ин Москоу а южали колд энд сноуи
~ как-то так
In the world there are many different professions. Some are related to the finances, other professions with people. And choose any of them is not easy. At first glance, you think that any profession perfect fit for you, but if you look, then we find out that this is not so. When you begin to learn more about the profession you can find flaws in it. Whether it be a small salary, or too heavy work schedule. And when you like one of these jobs, it's difficult. But if you love what you do, you will not do it in vain.
Луиза Мэй Олкотт (1832-1888) выросла в бедной прибедной семье в Бостоне, США, и была одна из четырех дочерей. Она известна за ее детские книги, особенно Маленькие женщины (1868-1869).Роман отражает жизнь Л.М. Олкотт и опыт. Речь идет о любви и жизни четырех молодых сестер, росшие в Новой Англии во время американской гражданской войны. Четыре сестры Марты, Мэг, Джо, Бет и Эми, работают со своей матерью, чтобы иметь счастливый и мирный дом, в то время как их отец на войне.
I didn't go to school last week. I didn't play football at the weekend. I was late for school yesterday morning. Did you stay at home last night?